in confinement

custōdĭa, ae, f. [id.], a watching, watch, guard, care, protection (freq. and [p. 505] class.).

In gen.

Lit.:

in tuam custodiam meque et meas spes trado,

Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 59:

agitare custodiam,

to keep guard, id. Rud. 3, 6, 20:

iis impedimentis custodiae ac praesidio VI. milia hominum unā reliquerunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 29:

sub hospitum privatorum custodiā esse,

Liv. 42, 19, 5:

tam fida canum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158:

pastoris,

Col. 8, 4, 3:

paedagogorum,

Quint. 1, 2, 25:

dura matrum,

care, oversight, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 22 et saep.:

navium longarum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 39:

ignis (Vestae),

Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 29:

urbis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 17; 2, 36; Liv. 5, 10, 4; cf.:

urbis, sui,

Suet. Aug. 49:

corporis,

id. Galb. 12:

illa (sc. pontis),

Nep. Milt. 3, 2:

portus, Auct. B. Alex. 17: cum in ejusdem anni custodiā te atque L. Murenam fortuna posuisset,

Cic. Mur. 31, 64:

aliquid privatā custodiā continere,

id. Sull. 15, 42:

circum familias conventus Campaniae custodiae causā distribuit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 14 fin.:

in muro custodiae causā conlocati,

id. ib. 1, 28;

Auct. B. Afr. 46: navis quae erat ad custodiam ab Acilio posita,

Caes. B. C. 3, 40:

tribunus adpositus custodiae (alicujus),

Tac. A. 1, 6:

ignaviam suam tenebrarum ac parietum custodiis tegere,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

a cujus audaciā fratris liberos ne materni quidem corporis custodiae tegere potuissent,

id. Clu. 11, 31:

fida justitiae,

id. Fin. 2, 34, 113:

una fidelis memoriae rerum gestarum (litterae),

Liv. 6, 1, 2:

libertatis,

id. 4, 24, 4:

suae religionis,

Quint. 6, 1, 20:

decoris,

id. 11, 1, 57 et saep.—

Meton.

Usu. in plur. and in milit. lang., persons who serve as guards, a guard, watch, sentinel:

colonia meis praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis munita,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 8; 2, 12, 26; id. Verr. 2, 3, 24, § 60:

neque clam transire propter custodias Menapiorum possent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 4; 7, 19; 7, 27 et saep.—In sing. (collect.), Cat. 62, 33:

abest custodia regi,

Ov. M. 14, 371:

unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae,

id. ib. 8, 684:

corporis,

a body-guard, Curt. 5, 1, 42.—

A place where guard is kept, a watch- or guard - house, watch - station:

haec (urbs) mea sedes est, haec vigilia, haec custodia,

Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24:

privata,

id. Sull. 15, 42:

in hac custodiā et tamquam speculā,

id. Phil. 7, 7, 19:

ceteri in custodiam conditi,

Tac. H. 4, 2.—In plur., Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 16; id. Rab. Perd. 7, 21—

With the access. idea of hindering free motion, a watching, guarding, custody, restraint, confinement.

Lit.:

nec cuiquam uni custodiam ejus (sc. Philopoemenis capti) satis credebant,

Liv. 39, 50, 2: quive (servi) inve ludum custodiamve conjecti fuerint, Gai Inst. 1, 13:

animal quod custodiam nostram evadit,

id. ib. 2, 67:

famulos vinclis atque custodiā... tueri,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 48. — Plur.:

in praedonum hostiumque custodias tantum numerum civium Romanorum includere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 144:

libera,

private custody, confinement in one's house, Liv. 24, 45, 8; Vell. 1, 11 (cf.:

libero conclavi,

Liv. 39, 14, 9); and in plur.:

in liberis custodiis,

Sall. C. 47, 3; cf.

trop.: domi teneamus eam (eloquentiam), saeptam liberali custodiā,

Cic. Brut. 96, 330.—Perh. in a play upon the words libera custodia:

ut sis apud me ligneā in custodiā,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 28. —

Meton.

A place of confinement, a prison, hold:

Lentulus comprehenditur et in custodiā necatur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 104 fin.; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, §§ 68 and 69; id. Cat. 1, 8, 19; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4, § 14; id. Div. 1, 25, 52; id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71 et saep. — Trop.:

corporis custodiis se liberare,

Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15.—

Persons in confinement, captives, prisoners (post-Aug.):

in recognoscendis custodiis,

Suet. Tib. 61; id. Dom. 14:

unus ex custodiarum agmine,

Sen. Ep. 77, 18.—Of a single person:

eādem catenā et custodiam et militem copulat,

Sen. Ep. 5, 7.

* * *

* * *

claudo ( * clōdo:

clodunt ita (oculos),

Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330 fin.; but some refer clodo to claudeo; and more freq., although not in Cic., clūdo, as always in the compounds; v. infra), si, sum, 3, v. a. [root sklu-, klu-, to shut; cf. kleiô, kleis, clavis; O. H. Germ. scliuzu; M. H. Germ. schliessen; also claudus, clavus], to shut.

To shut something that is open, to close, shut up (opp. aperire; freq. in prose and poetry).

Claudo:

forem cubiculi,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; cf. Quint. 10, 3, 25;

and, clausae fores,

Tib. 1, 9, 44; Suet. Ner. 47:

conventus portus Varroni clausit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 19:

januam serā,

Tib. 1, 2, 6:

domum,

Ov. P. 1, 7, 36 sq.:

ostia,

Cat. 6, 231:

portas,

Cic. Fl. 25, 61; Hor. C. 3, 5, 23; cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 68:

omnes aditus,

id. Phil. 1, 10, 25; Tac. A. 12, 68; Stat. Th. 6, 752:

rivos,

to dam up, Verg. E. 3, 111:

ad claudendas pupulas, ne quid incideret, et ad aperiendas, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142:

ocellos (in dying),

Prop. 2 (3), 13, 17; so,

oculos,

Luc. 5, 28:

lumina,

Verg. A. 10, 746; Ov. M. 3, 503:

clausis foribus,

Lucr. 4, 598.—

Cludo:

domum,

Tac. H. 1, 33:

Janum Quirinum ter clusit,

Suet. Aug. 22; Flor. 4, 12, 64:

animam clusit dolor,

Luc. 8, 59.—

Trop.:

nec ita claudenda est res familiaris, ut eam benignitas aperire non possit,

Cic. Off. 2, 15, 55:

domus clausa contra cupiditatem,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39:

habere domum clausam pudori et sanctimoniae, patentem cupiditati et voluptatibus,

id. Quint. 30, 93; cf. id. Fam. 4, 13, 6:

aures ad doctissimas voces,

id. Tusc. 4, 1, 2; cf. Liv. 40, 8, 20:

cludendae sunt aures malis vocibus,

Sen. Ep. 123, 9:

horum ferocia vocem Euandri clausit,

Liv. 44, 45, 11: fugam hostibus, q. s. to block up, to cut off, prevent, id. 27, 18, 20; so Ov. M. 6, 572:

alicui iter,

id. F. 1, 272; id. M. 8, 548:

alios incessus,

Tac. A. 6, 33:

sideritis sanguinem claudit,

i. e. stops, stanches, Plin. 26, 13, 83, § 135:

cluso corpore adversum vim veneni,

Tac. A. 15, 64:

clausa consilia habere,

i. e. to conceal, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 63; cf. Sall. C. 10, 5; Ov. M. 2, 641; id. F. 4, 846; Sil. 1, 140.— Poet.: animam laqueo, i. e. to end one ' s life, Ov. M. 7, 604 (cf.:

vitalesque vias et respiramina clausit,

id. ib. 2, 828).—

To close, end, conclude (so, except the milit. expression, agmen, only poet. or in post-Aug. prose; most freq. in Quint.).

Claudo:

cujus octavum trepidavit aetas Claudere lustrum,

Hor. C. 2, 4, 24:

opus,

Ov. F. 3, 384:

jus,

Luc. 5, 44:

labores ingentis belli,

Sil. 15, 655:

epistulam,

Ov. H. 13, 165; 20, 242:

cenas lactucā,

Mart. 13, 14; Quint. 9, 4, 13:

cum ventum est ad ipsum illud, quo veteres tragoediae comoediaeque clauduntur, Plaudite,

id. 6, 1, 52; cf. id. 1, 8, 1; 2, 15, 27.—

Cludo:

cludere bella,

Stat. Th. 11, 58:

cludendi incohandique sententias ratio,

Quint. 9, 4, 18; cf.

opp. incipere,

id. 9, 4, 67 (as claudere, opp. incipere, id. 1, 8, 1):

cum versus cluditur,

id. 9, 4, 65; cf. id. 9, 4, 26; 9, 4, 71; 9, 4, 73; 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 102; 9, 4, 104; 9, 4, 105; 12, 10, 31.—

Agmen, in milit. lang., to close the procession or train, to bring up the rear, Caes. B. G. 1, 25; Curt. 3, 3, 21; 4, 12, 4; so,

aciem,

Sil. 7, 590; cf. cogo, I. B. 3.—

(For the compounds includo, concludo.) Claudere aliquid aliquā re, to shut up or in something by something, to enclose, encompass, surround, imprison, hide, confine (class., esp. freq. in poetry and in the historians).

Claudo, with abl.:

locum aquā,

Varr. R. R. 3, 14, 1:

quae (Syracusarum urbs) loci naturā terrā marique clauderetur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4:

(animae) clausae tenebris et carcere caeco,

Verg. A. 6, 734:

stabulis armenta,

id. G. 3, 352:

claudens textis cratibus pecus,

Hor. Epod. 2, 45; cf. Ov. M. 2, 554; 4, 646:

ensem vaginā,

Luc. 5, 245:

aliquem Gyaro,

Tac. A. 4, 30; 14, 63:

clausus domo,

id. ib. 15, 53; cf.:

intra domum,

id. H. 4, 49:

rivus praealtis utrimque clausus ripis,

Liv. 21, 54, 1; cf. id. 21, 43, 4; 41, 27, 12; Quint. 1, 10, 45:

clauditur cubiculo aliquis,

Tac. A. 15, 69; cf.: in atras et profundas tenebras eum claudebant, Tubero ap. Gell. 7 (6), 4, 3:

in arcā,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 59:

claudam in curiā vos,

Liv. 23, 2, 9:

in tectis,

Ov. M. 3, 697:

(apes) in arbore inani,

id. F. 3, 743:

aquilonem in antris,

id. M. 1, 262.—Without abl.:

nihil se tam clausum posse habere, quod non istius cupiditati apertissimum esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 42:

insula ea sinum ab alto claudit,

Liv. 30, 24, 9; cf. Tac. G. 34; Quint. 1, 10, 42; Ov. M. 1, 568 al.—In milit. lang., of a hostile encompassing, to encompass, invest, besiege, blockade, etc.:

praestare arbitrabatur, unum locum... quam omnia litora ac portus custodiā clausos teneri,

Caes. B. C. 3, 23:

urbem operibus,

Nep. Milt. 7, 2; Liv. 25, 22, 12 al.; cf.:

urbem obsidione,

Nep. Epam. 8, 5:

adversarios locorum angustiis,

id. Dat. 8, 4; cf. id. Epam. 7, 1; id. Ham. 2, 4:

multitudine,

id. Milt. 5, 3:

hinc Tusco claudimur amni,

are hemmed in, Verg. A. 8, 473.—So of hunting:

nemorum saltus,

Verg. E. 6, 56:

indagine collis,

Tib. 4, 3, 7:

silvas vastasque feras indagine,

Luc. 6, 42; Stat. Th. 2, 553:

insidiis altas valles,

Tib. 1, 4, 49:

cur tibi clauduntur rete Imbelles capr eae,

Ov. F. 5, 371.—

Cludo, Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 5:

venti clusi Nubibus,

Lucr. 6, 197; Flor. 3, 20, 13.—

Trop.:

numcubi meam Benignitatem sensisti in te claudier?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 84:

nolo tibi ullum commodum in me claudier,

id. And. 3, 3, 41; cf.

I. A. 2. supra.—Esp. of speech and rhythm: qui non claudunt numeris sententias,

Cic. Or. 68, 229; 58, 198:

pedibus verba,

i. e. to compose verses, Hor. S. 2, 1, 28; cf. id. ib. 1, 10, 59:

quod clausae hieme Alpes essent,

Liv. 27, 36, 4; cf. Verg. G. 2, 317: rura gelu tum claudit hiems (and id. A. 2, 111: illos aspera ponti interclusit hiems).—Hence, P.a. as subst.: clausum ( clūsum), i, n., an enclosed place (for confining or keeping any thing):

clausa effringere,

Sall. J. 12, 5:

in clauso linquere,

in confinement, Verg. G. 4, 303:

fructus clauso custodire,

Col. 12, praef. §

3: sub uno clauso,

id. 7, 6, 5:

clausa domorum,

Lucr. 1, 354:

clausa viarum,

id. 4, 612.

claudo, ĕre, v. claudeo.

claustra ( clostra, Cato, R. R. 13, 3; 135, 2), ōrum, n. (in sing.: claustrum, i, rare, Caes. Germ. Arat. 197; Curt. 4, 5, 21; 7, 6, 13; Petr. 89, 2, 7; Gell. 14, 6, 3; Luc. 10, 509; App. M. 4, 10, p. 146 fin.; Amm. 23, 4, 6; 26, 8, 8: clostrum, Sen. Ben. 7, 21, 2) [clausum, claudo], that by which any thing is shut up or closed, a lock, bar, bolt.

Prop.: claves, claustra, Varr. ap. Non. p. 545, 12:

claustra revellere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 5, 21, 10: januae pandere, * Cat. 61, 76:

laxare,

Verg. A. 2, 259:

relaxare,

Ov. Am. 1, 6, 17:

rumpere,

Verg. A. 9, 758:

diu claustris retentae ferae,

Liv. 42, 59, 2:

ferae claustris fractae,

Plin. Pan. 81, 3:

claustra pati,

to submit to confinement, Col. 8, 17, 8:

discutere,

Petr. 11, 2:

reserare,

Sil. 7, 334:

portarum ingentia claustra,

Verg. A. 7, 185; Val. Fl. 3, 53:

ferrea,

Mart. 10, 28, 8:

sub signo claustrisque rei publicae positum vectigal,

Cic. Agr. 1, 7, 21. —

Trop., a bar, band, barrier, bounds:

arta portarum naturae effringere,

i. e. to disclose its secrets, Lucr. 1, 72; cf.:

tua claustra fregerunt tui versus,

i. e. have become known, public, Plin. Ep. 2, 10, 3:

pudoris et reverentiae refringere,

id. ib. 2, 14, 4:

vitaï claustra resolvere,

to loose the bands of life, Lucr. 1, 416; 3, 397; 6, 1152:

temporum,

Vell. 1, 17, 4:

(animus) amat spatiis obstantia rumpere claustra (the figure drawn from the bounds of a racecourse),

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 9.—

In a more extended sense, a door or gate that shuts up any place, a dam, dike; meton., a place that is shut up:

urbis relinquant,

Ov. M. 4, 86; cf.

Thebarum,

Stat. Th. 10, 474.—Of sunken ships, closing a port, Liv. 37, 14, 7; cf.:

ubi demersis navibus frenassent claustra maris,

id. 37, 15, 1:

maris,

i.e. a harbor, haven, Sil. 12, 442:

undae,

a dam, id. 5, 44; cf.:

Lucrino addita,

Verg. G. 2, 161; cf. id. A. 1, 56:

Daedalea,

i. e. the Labyrinth, Sen. Hippol. 1166 al. —

In milit. lang., a barricade, bulwark, key, defence, fortress, wall, bank, etc., for warding off an enemy:

claustra loci,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84:

Corinthus in faucibus Graeciae, sic ut terra claustra locorum teneret,

id. Agr. 2, 32, 87:

Sutrium, quae urbs socia Romanis velut claustra Etruriae erat,

Liv. 9, 32. 1:

Aegypti,

id. 45, 11, 5; Tac. H. 2, 82; Suet. Vesp. 7:

tutissima praebet,

Liv. 42. 67, 6; cf. id. 6, 9, 4; 44, 7, 9; Tac. A. 2, 61 al.:

montium,

id. H. 3, 2:

Caspiarum,

id. ib. 1, 6:

maris,

id. ib. 3, 43; cf. Sil. 12, 442; Tac. A. 2, 59: suis claustris ( walls, intrenchments) impeditos turbant, id. ib. 12, 31; cf. id. ib. 4, 49:

regni claustra Philae,

Luc. 10, 312:

Africae,

Flor. 4, 2, 70.—

Trop.:

cum ego claustra ista nobilitatis refregissem, ut aditus ad consulatum pateret,

Cic. Mur. 8, 17:

annonae Aegyptus,

Tac. H. 3, 8.

claustra ( clostra, Cato, R. R. 13, 3; 135, 2), ōrum, n. (in sing.: claustrum, i, rare, Caes. Germ. Arat. 197; Curt. 4, 5, 21; 7, 6, 13; Petr. 89, 2, 7; Gell. 14, 6, 3; Luc. 10, 509; App. M. 4, 10, p. 146 fin.; Amm. 23, 4, 6; 26, 8, 8: clostrum, Sen. Ben. 7, 21, 2) [clausum, claudo], that by which any thing is shut up or closed, a lock, bar, bolt.

Prop.: claves, claustra, Varr. ap. Non. p. 545, 12:

claustra revellere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 5, 21, 10: januae pandere, * Cat. 61, 76:

laxare,

Verg. A. 2, 259:

relaxare,

Ov. Am. 1, 6, 17:

rumpere,

Verg. A. 9, 758:

diu claustris retentae ferae,

Liv. 42, 59, 2:

ferae claustris fractae,

Plin. Pan. 81, 3:

claustra pati,

to submit to confinement, Col. 8, 17, 8:

discutere,

Petr. 11, 2:

reserare,

Sil. 7, 334:

portarum ingentia claustra,

Verg. A. 7, 185; Val. Fl. 3, 53:

ferrea,

Mart. 10, 28, 8:

sub signo claustrisque rei publicae positum vectigal,

Cic. Agr. 1, 7, 21. —

Trop., a bar, band, barrier, bounds:

arta portarum naturae effringere,

i. e. to disclose its secrets, Lucr. 1, 72; cf.:

tua claustra fregerunt tui versus,

i. e. have become known, public, Plin. Ep. 2, 10, 3:

pudoris et reverentiae refringere,

id. ib. 2, 14, 4:

vitaï claustra resolvere,

to loose the bands of life, Lucr. 1, 416; 3, 397; 6, 1152:

temporum,

Vell. 1, 17, 4:

(animus) amat spatiis obstantia rumpere claustra (the figure drawn from the bounds of a racecourse),

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 9.—

In a more extended sense, a door or gate that shuts up any place, a dam, dike; meton., a place that is shut up:

urbis relinquant,

Ov. M. 4, 86; cf.

Thebarum,

Stat. Th. 10, 474.—Of sunken ships, closing a port, Liv. 37, 14, 7; cf.:

ubi demersis navibus frenassent claustra maris,

id. 37, 15, 1:

maris,

i.e. a harbor, haven, Sil. 12, 442:

undae,

a dam, id. 5, 44; cf.:

Lucrino addita,

Verg. G. 2, 161; cf. id. A. 1, 56:

Daedalea,

i. e. the Labyrinth, Sen. Hippol. 1166 al. —

In milit. lang., a barricade, bulwark, key, defence, fortress, wall, bank, etc., for warding off an enemy:

claustra loci,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84:

Corinthus in faucibus Graeciae, sic ut terra claustra locorum teneret,

id. Agr. 2, 32, 87:

Sutrium, quae urbs socia Romanis velut claustra Etruriae erat,

Liv. 9, 32. 1:

Aegypti,

id. 45, 11, 5; Tac. H. 2, 82; Suet. Vesp. 7:

tutissima praebet,

Liv. 42. 67, 6; cf. id. 6, 9, 4; 44, 7, 9; Tac. A. 2, 61 al.:

montium,

id. H. 3, 2:

Caspiarum,

id. ib. 1, 6:

maris,

id. ib. 3, 43; cf. Sil. 12, 442; Tac. A. 2, 59: suis claustris ( walls, intrenchments) impeditos turbant, id. ib. 12, 31; cf. id. ib. 4, 49:

regni claustra Philae,

Luc. 10, 312:

Africae,

Flor. 4, 2, 70.—

Trop.:

cum ego claustra ista nobilitatis refregissem, ut aditus ad consulatum pateret,

Cic. Mur. 8, 17:

annonae Aegyptus,

Tac. H. 3, 8.

claudo ( * clōdo:

clodunt ita (oculos),

Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330 fin.; but some refer clodo to claudeo; and more freq., although not in Cic., clūdo, as always in the compounds; v. infra), si, sum, 3, v. a. [root sklu-, klu-, to shut; cf. kleiô, kleis, clavis; O. H. Germ. scliuzu; M. H. Germ. schliessen; also claudus, clavus], to shut.

To shut something that is open, to close, shut up (opp. aperire; freq. in prose and poetry).

Claudo:

forem cubiculi,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; cf. Quint. 10, 3, 25;

and, clausae fores,

Tib. 1, 9, 44; Suet. Ner. 47:

conventus portus Varroni clausit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 19:

januam serā,

Tib. 1, 2, 6:

domum,

Ov. P. 1, 7, 36 sq.:

ostia,

Cat. 6, 231:

portas,

Cic. Fl. 25, 61; Hor. C. 3, 5, 23; cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 68:

omnes aditus,

id. Phil. 1, 10, 25; Tac. A. 12, 68; Stat. Th. 6, 752:

rivos,

to dam up, Verg. E. 3, 111:

ad claudendas pupulas, ne quid incideret, et ad aperiendas, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142:

ocellos (in dying),

Prop. 2 (3), 13, 17; so,

oculos,

Luc. 5, 28:

lumina,

Verg. A. 10, 746; Ov. M. 3, 503:

clausis foribus,

Lucr. 4, 598.—

Cludo:

domum,

Tac. H. 1, 33:

Janum Quirinum ter clusit,

Suet. Aug. 22; Flor. 4, 12, 64:

animam clusit dolor,

Luc. 8, 59.—

Trop.:

nec ita claudenda est res familiaris, ut eam benignitas aperire non possit,

Cic. Off. 2, 15, 55:

domus clausa contra cupiditatem,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39:

habere domum clausam pudori et sanctimoniae, patentem cupiditati et voluptatibus,

id. Quint. 30, 93; cf. id. Fam. 4, 13, 6:

aures ad doctissimas voces,

id. Tusc. 4, 1, 2; cf. Liv. 40, 8, 20:

cludendae sunt aures malis vocibus,

Sen. Ep. 123, 9:

horum ferocia vocem Euandri clausit,

Liv. 44, 45, 11: fugam hostibus, q. s. to block up, to cut off, prevent, id. 27, 18, 20; so Ov. M. 6, 572:

alicui iter,

id. F. 1, 272; id. M. 8, 548:

alios incessus,

Tac. A. 6, 33:

sideritis sanguinem claudit,

i. e. stops, stanches, Plin. 26, 13, 83, § 135:

cluso corpore adversum vim veneni,

Tac. A. 15, 64:

clausa consilia habere,

i. e. to conceal, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 63; cf. Sall. C. 10, 5; Ov. M. 2, 641; id. F. 4, 846; Sil. 1, 140.— Poet.: animam laqueo, i. e. to end one ' s life, Ov. M. 7, 604 (cf.:

vitalesque vias et respiramina clausit,

id. ib. 2, 828).—

To close, end, conclude (so, except the milit. expression, agmen, only poet. or in post-Aug. prose; most freq. in Quint.).

Claudo:

cujus octavum trepidavit aetas Claudere lustrum,

Hor. C. 2, 4, 24:

opus,

Ov. F. 3, 384:

jus,

Luc. 5, 44:

labores ingentis belli,

Sil. 15, 655:

epistulam,

Ov. H. 13, 165; 20, 242:

cenas lactucā,

Mart. 13, 14; Quint. 9, 4, 13:

cum ventum est ad ipsum illud, quo veteres tragoediae comoediaeque clauduntur, Plaudite,

id. 6, 1, 52; cf. id. 1, 8, 1; 2, 15, 27.—

Cludo:

cludere bella,

Stat. Th. 11, 58:

cludendi incohandique sententias ratio,

Quint. 9, 4, 18; cf.

opp. incipere,

id. 9, 4, 67 (as claudere, opp. incipere, id. 1, 8, 1):

cum versus cluditur,

id. 9, 4, 65; cf. id. 9, 4, 26; 9, 4, 71; 9, 4, 73; 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 102; 9, 4, 104; 9, 4, 105; 12, 10, 31.—

Agmen, in milit. lang., to close the procession or train, to bring up the rear, Caes. B. G. 1, 25; Curt. 3, 3, 21; 4, 12, 4; so,

aciem,

Sil. 7, 590; cf. cogo, I. B. 3.—

(For the compounds includo, concludo.) Claudere aliquid aliquā re, to shut up or in something by something, to enclose, encompass, surround, imprison, hide, confine (class., esp. freq. in poetry and in the historians).

Claudo, with abl.:

locum aquā,

Varr. R. R. 3, 14, 1:

quae (Syracusarum urbs) loci naturā terrā marique clauderetur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4:

(animae) clausae tenebris et carcere caeco,

Verg. A. 6, 734:

stabulis armenta,

id. G. 3, 352:

claudens textis cratibus pecus,

Hor. Epod. 2, 45; cf. Ov. M. 2, 554; 4, 646:

ensem vaginā,

Luc. 5, 245:

aliquem Gyaro,

Tac. A. 4, 30; 14, 63:

clausus domo,

id. ib. 15, 53; cf.:

intra domum,

id. H. 4, 49:

rivus praealtis utrimque clausus ripis,

Liv. 21, 54, 1; cf. id. 21, 43, 4; 41, 27, 12; Quint. 1, 10, 45:

clauditur cubiculo aliquis,

Tac. A. 15, 69; cf.: in atras et profundas tenebras eum claudebant, Tubero ap. Gell. 7 (6), 4, 3:

in arcā,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 59:

claudam in curiā vos,

Liv. 23, 2, 9:

in tectis,

Ov. M. 3, 697:

(apes) in arbore inani,

id. F. 3, 743:

aquilonem in antris,

id. M. 1, 262.—Without abl.:

nihil se tam clausum posse habere, quod non istius cupiditati apertissimum esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 42:

insula ea sinum ab alto claudit,

Liv. 30, 24, 9; cf. Tac. G. 34; Quint. 1, 10, 42; Ov. M. 1, 568 al.—In milit. lang., of a hostile encompassing, to encompass, invest, besiege, blockade, etc.:

praestare arbitrabatur, unum locum... quam omnia litora ac portus custodiā clausos teneri,

Caes. B. C. 3, 23:

urbem operibus,

Nep. Milt. 7, 2; Liv. 25, 22, 12 al.; cf.:

urbem obsidione,

Nep. Epam. 8, 5:

adversarios locorum angustiis,

id. Dat. 8, 4; cf. id. Epam. 7, 1; id. Ham. 2, 4:

multitudine,

id. Milt. 5, 3:

hinc Tusco claudimur amni,

are hemmed in, Verg. A. 8, 473.—So of hunting:

nemorum saltus,

Verg. E. 6, 56:

indagine collis,

Tib. 4, 3, 7:

silvas vastasque feras indagine,

Luc. 6, 42; Stat. Th. 2, 553:

insidiis altas valles,

Tib. 1, 4, 49:

cur tibi clauduntur rete Imbelles capr eae,

Ov. F. 5, 371.—

Cludo, Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 5:

venti clusi Nubibus,

Lucr. 6, 197; Flor. 3, 20, 13.—

Trop.:

numcubi meam Benignitatem sensisti in te claudier?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 84:

nolo tibi ullum commodum in me claudier,

id. And. 3, 3, 41; cf.

I. A. 2. supra.—Esp. of speech and rhythm: qui non claudunt numeris sententias,

Cic. Or. 68, 229; 58, 198:

pedibus verba,

i. e. to compose verses, Hor. S. 2, 1, 28; cf. id. ib. 1, 10, 59:

quod clausae hieme Alpes essent,

Liv. 27, 36, 4; cf. Verg. G. 2, 317: rura gelu tum claudit hiems (and id. A. 2, 111: illos aspera ponti interclusit hiems).—Hence, P.a. as subst.: clausum ( clūsum), i, n., an enclosed place (for confining or keeping any thing):

clausa effringere,

Sall. J. 12, 5:

in clauso linquere,

in confinement, Verg. G. 4, 303:

fructus clauso custodire,

Col. 12, praef. §

3: sub uno clauso,

id. 7, 6, 5:

clausa domorum,

Lucr. 1, 354:

clausa viarum,

id. 4, 612.

claudo, ĕre, v. claudeo.

cŏ-ercĕo, cui, cĭtum, 2, v. a. [arceo], to enclose something on all sides or wholly, to hold together, to surround, encompass:

qui (mundus) omnia complexu suo coërcet et continet,

Cic. N. D. 2, 22, 58; cf. id. ib. 2, 40, 101; Ov. M. 1, 31:

quā circum Galli lorica coërcet,

where the Gallic coat of mail encloses, Lucr. 6, 954; cf.

of a band holding the hair together,

Ov. M. 1, 477; 2, 413; Hor. C. 2, 19, 19; 1, 10, 18:

est animus vitaï claustra coërcens,

holding together the bands of life, Lucr. 3, 396.—

Esp. with the access. idea of hindering free motion by surrounding; to restrain, confine, shut in, hold in confinement, repress (freq. and class.):

(amnis) nullis coërcitus ripis,

Liv. 21, 31, 11; cf. Ov. M. 1, 342:

(aqua) jubetur ab arbitro coërceri,

to be kept in, repressed, Cic. Top. 9, 39 (cf., just before, the more usual arcere, v. arceo, II.); Dig. 43, 22, 1, §§ 6 and 8;

47, 11, 10: impetum aquarum,

Curt. 8, 13, 9.—Of pruning plants:

vitem serpentem multiplici lapsu et erratico, ferro amputans coërcet ars agricolarum,

Cic. Sen. 15, 52;

so of the vine,

Col. 3, 21, 7; 4, 1, 5; Quint. 9, 4, 5; cf. id. 8, 3, 10.—Hence, sacrum (lucum), to trim, clip, Cato, R. R. 139:

quibus (operibus) intra muros coërcetur hostis,

Liv. 5, 5, 2:

(mortuos) noviens Styx interfusa coërcet,

Verg. A. 6, 439; cf.:

Tantalum atque Tantali Genus coërcet (Orcus),

Hor. C. 2, 18, 38:

carcere coërcere animalia,

Plin. 10, 50, 72, § 141:

Hypermnestra... gravibus coërcita vinclis,

Ov. H. 14, 3; cf.: eos morte, exsilio, vinclis, damno coërcent, [p. 360] Cic. Off. 3, 5, 23:

aliquem custodiā,

Dig. 41, 1, 3, § 2:

Galliae Alpibus coërcitae,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 5:

miles coërcitus in tot receptis ex potestate hostium urbibus,

Liv. 36, 24, 7.— Poet.: Messapus primas acies, postrema coërcent Tyrrhidae juvenes, hold together, i. e. command, lead on, Verg. A. 9, 27.—

Trop.,

Of discourse, to keep within limits, control, confine, restrain, limit (syn.:

contineo, cohibeo): ut (nos) quasi extra ripas diffluentes coërceret,

Cic. Brut. 91, 316; cf. id. Fin. 2, 1, 3; Quint. 12, 1, 20; 9, 2, 76; 10, 4, 1;

and, the figure taken from bridling or curbing horses (cf.: frenisque coërcuit ora,

Ov. M. 5, 643; and:

spumantiaque ora coërcet,

id. ib. 6, 226):

exsultantia,

Quint. 10, 4, 1; cf. id. 10, 3, 10:

Augustus addiderat consilium coercendi intra terminos imperii,

Tac. A. 1, 11.—Of words bound by measure:

numeris verba coërcere,

Ov. P. 4, 8, 73.—But most freq.,

Morally, to hold some fault, some passion, etc., or the erring or passionate person in check, to curb, restrain, tame, correct, etc. (syn.:

contineo, cohibeo, refreno, reprimo, domo): cupiditates,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 194; Quint. 12, 2, 28:

temeritatem,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 47:

improbitatem,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 89, § 208:

rabiem gentis,

Liv. 41, 27, 4:

faenus,

id. 32, 27, 3:

procacitatem hominis manibus,

Nep. Timol. 5, 2:

suppliciis delicta,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 79 al.:

aliquid poenae aut infamiae metu,

Cic. Fin. 2, 22, 73:

omnibus modis socios atque cives,

Sall. C. 29 fin.:

genus hominum neque beneficio, neque metu coërcitum,

id. J. 91, 7:

duabus coërcitis gentibus,

Liv. 31, 43, 4; 39, 32, 11; Caes. B. C. 1, 67:

verberibus potius quam verbis,

Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 5; so Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 5, 23;

v. A. supra: pueros fuste,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 134; Tac. G. 25:

incensum ac flagrantem animum,

id. Agr. 4:

licentiam,

id. H. 1, 35.— Poet.:

carmen, quod non Multa dies et multa litura coërcuit,

corrected, finished, Hor. A. P. 293.

inclūsĭo, ōnis, f. [includo], a shutting up, confinement. *

Lit.:

Bibulum, cujus inclusione contentus non eras, interficere volueras,

Cic. Vatin. 10, 24. —

Trop., rhet. t. t., the Gr. epanadiplôsis, Rufin. p. 234.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

pŭerpĕrĭum, ii, n. [puerpera].

Childbirth, childbed, a lying-in, confinement, delivery, Suet. Calig. 8:

puerperio cubare,

to be in childbed, Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 22:

locus puerperio Antium fuit,

Tac. A. 15, 23; Plin. 9, 25, 41, § 79; 28, 8, 29, § 114:

numerus puerperii,

the number of children born together, Gell. 12, 1, 4:

tellus velut aeterno quodam puerperio laeta,

Col. 3, 21, 3.—

A new-born child, an infant; children, Varr. R. R. 2, 26; Tac. A. 12, 6; Plin. 7, 11, 9, § 48; id. 18, 29, 69, § 282; Stat. Th. 4, 280; Gell. 10, 2, 2.

servĭtūs, ūtis ( gen. plur. servitutium, Dig. 8, 2, 32 fin.; 8, 3, 1 fin.; and acc. to Ritschl also Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 14), f. [id.], the condition of a servus; slavery, serfdom, service, servitude (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

servitus est constitutio juris gentium, quā quis dominio alieno contra naturam subicitur,

Dig. 1, 5, 4; Just. Inst. 1, 3, 2:

servitutem servire,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 31 (v. this freq. occurring phrase under servio, I. d): quibus nunc aerumna mea libertatem paro, Quibus servitutem mea miseria deprecor? Enn. ap. Gell. 6, 16, 9 (Trag. v. 173 Vahl.):

domi fuistis liberi: Nunc servitus si evenit, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 4:

qui hodie fuerim liber, eum nunc potivit pater servitutis,

id. Am. 1, 1, 24 Fleck.: quis hoc imperium, quis hanc servitutem ferre potest? Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17:

ipsam (mulierem) in servitutem adjudicare,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 56:

ista corruptela servi si impunita fuerit... fit in dominatu servitus, in servitute dominatus,

id. Deiot. 11, 30:

mors servituti anteponenda,

id. Off. 1, 23, 81:

servitutem perpessi,

id. Phil. 8, 11, 32:

aliae nationes servitutem pati possunt, populi Romani est propria libertas,

id. ib. 6, 7, 19:

servitutem pati,

id. ib. 6, 7, 19: similitudo servitutis id. Rep. 1, 27, 43: hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsā servitute afficit, etc... Nimia illa libertas in nimiam servitutem cadit, id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

socios nostros in servitutem abduxerunt,

id. Pis. 34, 84:

servitutis jugum,

id. Rep. 2, 25, 47:

Themistocles cum servitute Graeciam liberasset,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

conjuges in servitutem abstrahi,

Caes. B. G. 7, 14;

addicere aliquem in servitutem,

Liv. 3, 56; Caes. B. G. 7, 77:

liberum populum servitute adficere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68:

asserere aliquem in servitutem,

Liv. 3, 44, 5; 34, 18, 2; Suet. Tib. 2.—

As a verbal noun with dat.: opulento homini hoc servitus dura est, this serving or being servant of a rich man, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12.—

Transf.

In gen. (acc to servio, II.), servitude, subjection: numquam salvis suis exuitur servitus muliebris;

et ipsae libertatem, quam viduitas et orbitas facit, detestantur,

Liv. 34, 7 Drak.:

silvestres gallinae in servitute non foetant,

in confinement, Col. 8, 12; so id. 8, 15, 7:

hujus tanti officii servitutem astringebam testimonio sempiterno,

Cic. Planc. 30, 74:

est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis,

id. Off. 1, 42, 150; cf.:

ut se homines ad servitutem juris astringerent,

Quint. 2, 16, 9; 7, 3, 16.—

The government, rule, dominion of a master:

tibi Apud me justa et clemens servitus,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 9.—

(Acc. to servio, II. B.) Jurid. t. t., of buildings, lands, etc., a liability resting upon them, an easement, servitude:

servitutes praediorum rusticorum sunt hae: iter, actus, via, aquaeductus,

Dig. 8, 3, 1:

jura praediorum urbanorum, quae servitutes vocantur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 14:

servitute fundo illi imposita,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2, § 3:

specus servitutis putat aliquid habituros,

id. Att. 15, 26, 4.—

Concr. (for the class. servitium), slaves, servants (collect.); poet. of lovers: adde quod pubes tibi crescit omnis, Servitus crescit nova (= catervae amatorum semper novorum). Hor. C. 2, 8, 18; cf. Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 14 Ritschl.